The following is not meant to be legal advice and is provided for information purposes.
Continuing on the topic of what the difference is between “primary duty” and “primarily engaged” when studying wage and hour laws in California, under the federal law, time is not the sole test. An employee who spends less than 50 percent of his time on exempt duties may nevertheless meet the "primary duty" requirement if other pertinent factors support such a conclusion.
Some of these factors (for example) are (1) the relative importance of the exempt duties as compared with other types of duties, (2) the relationship between salary and the wages paid other employees for the kind of nonexempt work performed by the employee, (3) the amount of time spent performing exempt work (for instance, time spent managing employees versus doing the work of staff like a manager in retail who makes up the schedules but also works the cash registers), (4) relative freedom from direct supervision. The same general rationale applies to administrative employees whose primary duty must be office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or its customers.
In California, an employee is "primarily engaged" in exempt activities if a person merely spends more than half of one's work time with such duties. This means 51% time.

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